Whether we have a proclivity for formal education or not, we cannot deny our inextricable relationship with learning, nor can we deny that we need it and find it useful. Through learning, for instance, upon hearing a noise whose origin we cannot visibly discern, we still often automatically know which noises we can ignore, those which we should run toward and attend to, and those...from which we should run like hell! This inaction vs. action, and valence of action, can be applied to myriad other everyday encounters, whose facilitation we owe due respect to our ability to learn, associate, and detect covariance of stimuli.